U.S. President Donald Trump has signed two executive actions designed to enhance U.S. security, the more far-reaching of which restricts any Syrian refugees from entering the United States for an indefinite period of time.
Trump signed the orders Friday at the Pentagon, where he participated in a swearing-in ceremony for Defense Secretary James Mattis. Soon after the president’s action, protesters staged a demonstration at the main federal office building in New York City.
Friday’s executive order, titled “Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States,” calls for suspension of visas and other immigration benefits to citizens of “countries of particular concern.”
As a reason for the order, the document cites the September 11, 2001, attacks on New York and Washington, which were carried out by 19 foreigners who obtained visas to enter the United States without difficulty. It refers to other terrorism-related crimes committed over the past 15 years by foreign nationals who entered the United States using either short-term visas — as visitors, students or temporary workers — or as refugees seeking resettlement in the U.S.
President Donald Trump, left, listens as Vice President Mike Pence, second from left, performs a ceremonial swearing-in for Defense Secretary James Mattis, second from right, at the Pentagon in Washington, Jan. 27, 2017.
Goal is averting future attacks
“Deteriorating conditions in certain countries due to war, strife, disaster and civil unrest increase the likelihood that terrorists will use any means possible to entered the United States,” the order states, and it calls for greater vigilance and caution by American consular officials before visas are granted.
The order does not spell out which countries are “of particular concern,” although it authorizes the Department of Homeland Security to keep track of nations that do not provide adequate information about their citizens. White House officials indicated earlier this week that Iran, Iraq, Syria, Sudan, Libya, Yemen and Somalia would be an initial list of countries “of concern,” but the order noted additional countries could be added to that list at any time.
As reported earlier when drafts of Trump’s planned action circulated in Washington several days ago, the official text forbids the entry into the United States of any Syrian refugees for an indefinite period, until the president determines “that sufficient changes have been made … to ensure that admission of Syrian refugees is consistent with the national interest.”
The order also suspends operations of the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program for 120 days, while the Secretary of State and other officials re-evaluate procedures “to ensure that those approved for refugee admission do not pose a threat to the security and welfare of the United States.” It also limits the number of refugees that may be admitted to the United States to 50,000 during fiscal 2017, the 12-month period that ends on September 30.
Protester Emily Nostro prepares a sign for a rally against President Donald Trump’s executive order on Muslim immigration in downtown Miami, Jan. 22, 2017.
Protest in New York City
In a swift reaction to events in Washington, more than 100 protesters formed a human chain later Friday at the entrance to a federal office building in New York City used by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security as well as the FBI and other federal agencies. VOA’s New York bureau is located in that center in downtown Manhattan.
The president said Friday that only people who support the United States should be allowed into the country. Compared to Trump’s campaign-trail promises to institute “extreme vetting” for Muslims and travelers from countries linked to terrorism, the executive order he signed discussed identification and verification procedures that U.S. consular officers should use in extensive detail.
Under the general topic of terrorism, the executive order directed U.S. officials to watch for “gender-based violence against women, including ‘honor killings,’” and called for the gathering of “any other information relevant to public safety and security.”
“We don’t want them here,” Trump said. “We want to make sure that we are not admitting into our country the very threats our soldiers are fighting overseas. We only want to admit those into our country who will support our country and love deeply our people.”
Protesters chant slogans against President Donald Trump’s executive order on Muslim immigration in downtown Miami, Jan. 26, 2017.
‘Immense’ impact on immigrants, Muslims
One of the protesters in New York, Debbie Altmontaser of the Muslim Community Network, told reporters, “The impact of this executive order will be immense, both on immigrants as well as Muslims. We fear that it will further marginalize communities.”
Mark Hetfield of the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, added, “It’s clear that President Trump has decided to pick on refugees. … This is going to cost tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands of people their lives, because they won’t find protection here. They won’t find protection anywhere.”
Former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright told reporters and members of the refugee resettlement committee that the action would “directly harm our security interests.”
Nobel Peace Prize winner Malala Yousafzai, a 19-year-old Pakistani student activist once attacked by the Taliban, now recovered and living in the United Kingdom, said she is “heartbroken” that the U.S. “is closing the door on children, mothers, and fathers fleeing violence and war.”
Courts will be busy
Former New York City prosecutor Paul Callan said Friday that he expects the refugee order will generate a great deal of legal activity, particularly if people already in the United States are affected.
“You can block people from coming into the country, but once they’re in, all persons have constitutional protections if they’re in the United States. And certainly, if there is a claim that those constitutional rights are being violated by an executive order, that claim would go to the U.S. Supreme Court.”
Margaret Huang, executive director of Amnesty International USA, said Friday, “This puts anti-Muslim bigotry into policy and is eerily reminiscent of the kind of religious discrimination we’ve documented in counties like China and Iran.”
She called the order cruel and inhumane and said it violates international law. “Our refugee programs should not paint individuals’ national origin or religion as suspicious or unwelcome,” she said.
“People seeking asylum are no different than anyone else who wants to live free from fear,” she added.
Evaluating US security policies
Also Friday, Trump signed a presidential memorandum directed at the new Secretary of Defense and the Office of Budget Management, outlining their responsibilities for evaluating the nation’s security policies.
An executive memorandum differs from an executive order in that it is directed at a specific federal agency. An executive order is always entered into the Federal Register, the official daily journal of U.S. government activity. While memoranda may not be formally recorded in the Federal Register, both types of presidential action carry the force of law.
Trump said the memorandum regarding national security was intended to better support the U.S. military.
“Believe me,” the president said, “first I’m signing an executive action to begin a great rebuilding of the armed services of the United States, developing a plan for new planes, new ships, new resources, and new tools for our men and women in uniform. And I’m very proud to be doing that.”
The memorandum, proclaiming a policy of pursuing “peace through strength,” said the new secretary must conduct a 30-day readiness review assessing training, equipment maintenance, munitions, modernization, and infrastructure of the current armed forces. It tasks the new secretary with submitting to the president a report and a plan within 60 days, identifying actions that can be implemented within the current fiscal years to improve readiness.
The memorandum says Mattis must initiate a new Nuclear Posture Review to make sure the U.S. nuclear deterrent is “modern, robust, flexible, resilient, ready, and appropriately tailored to deter 21st-century threats and reassure” U.S. allies.
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